Puppy Health

 Toy Breed Hypoglycemia

The creation of different dog breeds represents centuries of selective breeding to create a true line of dogs all with similar desired characteristics. Somewhere in all this breeding and selection, toy breeds were deemed desirable and were hence developed.  Typical examples of these very small dogs are:

• Chihuahua
   
• Yorkshire Terrier
   
• Maltese
   
• Toy Poodle
   
• Pomeranian

And, of course, there are many others. Consider that if these dogs are so tiny as adults how tiny they must be as newborn puppies.  These itty bitty babies have trouble maintaining body temperature, cut their baby teeth in late and thus have trouble with kibbled foods, and they have difficulty maintaining blood sugar. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) creates listlessness, incoordination (the brain cannot burn fat or protein and relies entirely on sugar), and even seizures.

BEFORE YOU ADOPT

When you look at these darling miniature puppies, think twice before you adopt. The toy breed puppy is frequently a high maintenance project.  This is not a living stuffed animal; this is a live creature with a handicap. You may need to feed this animal 4-6 times daily. Soft puppy foods are often needed as these puppies may not be able to eat hard food. They need extra warmth and it is important that you hook up with your veterinarian for a “well-baby” check up promptly.

Puppies of this size do not tolerate fleas. They are simply too small to have any blood to give away to blood sucking parasites.  They need to be adequately dewormed and checked over for any signs of infectious disease. Diarrhea is common for puppies but a very tiny puppy cannot withstand the dehydration that accompanies diarrhea. Pet store puppies are high risk for kennel cough and the pneumonia that sometimes accompanies it in severe cases.  Parvovirus or Distemper are particular disasters for puppies of this size.

A toy breed puppy is a project more so than any other type of puppy. If this is more than you bargained for, you may want to get an adult toy breed dog or older puppy or even another type of dog.

PREVENTING PROBLEMS

So you already have a toy breed puppy. Remember how sensitive to problems these puppies are so if your puppy is coughing, has diarrhea, is vomiting, appetite loss (especially appetite loss!) or seems listless waste no time in seeing the vet.

Be sure your puppy is eating and well. If possible, look in your puppy’s mouth and see if there are teeth present. In particular look for the molars and premolars along the sides of the mouth.  These are teeth needed for chewing and they may come in late. This will not stop your puppy from lapping up soft food. Be sure the food you are using is soft enough and that your puppy will reliably eat it.

Nutrical, a handy supplement

This product is frequently provided by both veterinarians and breeders for use in toy breed puppies. It consists basically of a malt-flavored paste with sugar and vitamins.  Some puppies will readily lap it off fingers and others will only take it if it is smeared on the roof of the mouth. If a puppy seems listless, the first thing to do is attempt feeding. If the puppy will not eat, a finger tip of Nutrical may make all the difference.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU THINK YOUR PUPPY IS HYPOGLYCEMIC

Potentially, hypoglycemia is an emergency. The puppy will be listless maybe even uncoordinated. In an extreme case, the puppy will become cold, will lose consciousness and begin to have seizures.  For first aid, a small amount of Karo syrup can be rubbed on the gums. (It will absorb through the gums; actual swallowing is not necessary). Beyond this, the puppy should be rushed to an animal hospital for treatment.

In the hospital, the puppy will be warmed and a blood sugar level checked. If intravenous access is possible, dextrose will be infused directly into the blood stream. Response is generally rapid once sugar is supplied in this way and a sugar drip or regular sugar injections will be continued.  But the puppy has to reliably eat before he can go home. Anticipate the need for 24 hour care and expect a few days of care.

COMPLICATING FACTORS

Sometimes there is more to hypoglycemia than just low blood sugar. While being extra small and extra young is enough to drop one’s blood sugar, sometimes there is more to the story.

• Bacterial infection
  Bacteria can be tremendous consumers of glucose (blood sugar). For this reason, hypoglycemic puppies frequently are given antibiotics.
   
• Portosystemic (Liver) shunt
  This is a problem the Yorkshire terrier in particular. In this congenital malformation of the liver circulation, blood travels from the GI tract to the general circulation by-passing the liver. The liver does not develop properly and has abnormal function. One of the liver’s functions is to maintain the body’s blood sugar level. An abnormal liver leads to low blood sugar. This condition can frequently be cured with surgery. A liver function blood test is an easy way to rule this condition out as a complicating factor.
   
• Parasitism/Diarrhea/Stress
  Stress from any cause increases the body’s demand for sugar. This is why it is especially important to insure the general health of the toy breed puppy. When stressors are present, maintaining a healthy blood sugar level is all the more difficult.

When your puppy comes home again after a hypoglycemic episode, it is important to watch food intake and be aware of any changes in energy level. As the puppy gets bigger, risk factors diminish. Teeth get stronger, body fat stores develop, and the immune system matures. Eventually, hypoglycemia risks become minimal and the puppy can continue life as any other puppy, playing, chewing things up, and learning the behavior control necessary to be a good house pet.